БИОХИМИЯ, 2026, том 91, вып. 4, с. 623–651

УДК 577.25

Функционирование пулов синаптических везикул: разнообразие и принципы организации

Обзор

© 2026 Ч.Р. Гафурова 1*gafurova7090@gmail.com, А.М. Петров 1,2

1 Федеральный исследовательский центр «Казанский научный центр РАН», Казанский институт биохимии и биофизики, 420111 Казань, Россия

2 Казанский государственный медицинский университет, 420012 Казань, Россия

Поступила в редакцию 25.02.2026
После доработки 26.03.2026
Принята к публикации 26.03.2026

DOI: 10.7868/S3034529426040020

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: активная зона, рециклирование везикул, синаптическая везикула, пресинаптическое нервное окончание, пул синаптических везикул, экзоцитоз, эндоцитоз.

Аннотация

Пресинаптические нервные окончания содержат большое количество везикул, заполненных молекулами нейромедиатора, освобождение которых обеспечивает передачу сигнала от пресинаптического нейрона к постсинаптической клетке. Несмотря на морфологическую однородность, везикулы функционально гетерогенны и организованы в отдельные группы (пулы), которые отличаются способностью к экзоцитозу и мобилизации, кинетикой рециклирования, а также белковой композицией. Помимо классических пулов: готового к освобождению, рециклирующего и резервного, отдельно выделяют пул спонтанно рециклирующих везикул, а также покоящийся и суперпул. Везикулы разных пулов подвержены различным типам экзо- и эндоцитоза, а степень перехода везикул между пулами варьирует в зависимости от типа синапса и условий (норма или патология). Изменения в организации пулов синаптических везикул лежат в основе ряда форм синаптической пластичности. Кроме того, цикл синаптических везикул является мишенью для действия ряда фармакологических препаратов, а нарушения в везикулярном цикле играют значимую роль в патогенезе нейродегенеративных заболеваний. В данной статье представлен систематический обзор везикулярных пулов, особенности их организации в центральных и периферических синапсах, а также рассмотрено значение изменения в структуре везикулярных пулов в формировании синаптической пластичности, механизмах действия фармакологических агентов и в развитии неврологических заболеваний.

Сноски

* Адресат для корреспонденции.

Вклад авторов

Ч.Р. Гафурова – написание и редактирование текста; А.М. Петров – редактирование текста и концепция статьи.

Финансирование

Публикация подготовлена в рамках гранта Программы «Мозг» АНО «Научный центр перспективных междисциплинарных исследований “Идея”».

Благодарности

Авторы благодарны с.н.с. к.б.н. А.Н. Ценцевицкому (КИББ) за ценные комментарии и обсуждение данной работы. Авторы выражают благодарность за поддержку исследований в данной области со стороны государственного задания ФИЦ КазНЦ РАН.

Конфликт интересов

Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Соблюдение этических норм

Настоящая статья не содержит описания каких-либо исследований с участием людей или животных в качестве объектов.

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