БИОХИМИЯ, 2026, том 91, вып. 1, с. 5–22

УДК 577.12

Диагностика синуклеинопатий методами белковой амплификации: методологический и библиометрический анализ

Обзор

© 2026 А.А. Грошков 1*alexander.groshkov@mail.ru, Н.А. Колотьева 1, П.П. Трегуб 1,2, В.И. Жданкина 1, Ю.К. Комлева 1, А.Б. Салмина 1, С.Н. Иллариошкин 1

1 Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук, 125367 Москва, Россия

2 Российский университет дружбы народов, Научно-образовательный ресурсный центр «Инновационные технологии иммунофенотипирования, цифрового пространственного профилирования и ультраструктурного анализа», 117198 Москва, Россия

Поступила в редакцию 14.07.2025
После доработки 19.11.2025
Принята к публикации 20.11.2025

DOI: 10.7868/S3034529426010011

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: белковая амплификация, RT‑QuIC, PMCA, нейродегенеративные заболевания, синуклеинопатии, α‑синуклеин, фибриллообразование, ранняя диагностика, цереброспинальная жидкость, библиометрический анализ, болезнь Паркинсона, деменция с тельцами Леви, мультисистемная атрофия.

Аннотация

Ранняя и доклиническая диагностика нейродегенеративных заболеваний (синуклеинопатии, болезнь Альцгеймера) может достигаться посредством обнаружения патологических амилоидных агрегатов в биологических жидкостях. Анализ методами белковой амплификации (PMCA, RT-QuIC) стал многообещающим диагностическим инструментом, обеспечивающим высокую чувствительность и специфичность при обнаружении олигомеров α‑синуклеина на ранних стадиях заболевания и для изучения механизмов агрегации и кинетики фибриллообразования. Однако эти методы на текущий момент имеют несколько серьезных ограничений: отсутствие стандартизации протоколов анализа, контрольных образцов и субстратов, техническая сложность и длительность. При этом методы белковой амплификации имеют потенциал в качестве наиболее производительных, доступных и поддающихся стандартизации и автоматизации методов диагностики синуклеинопатий среди существующих диагностических подходов. В этом обзоре приводятся результаты библиометрического анализа публикаций, посвященных методам белковой амплификации в диагностике синуклеинопатий. Также мы приводим сравнительный анализ распространенных протоколов выполнения анализа RT‑QuIC для диагностики синуклеинопатий, детально рассматриваем принципы метода, его оптимизацию, виды биоматериала и ключевые факторы, влияющие на чувствительность и специфичность анализа, и выделяем перспективные точки для совершенствования этой методики.

Сноски

* Адресат для корреспонденции.

Вклад авторов

Колотьева Н.А., Салмина А.Б., Иллариошкин С.Н. – концепция и руководство работой; Грошков А.А., Трегуб П.П. – написание текста; Грошков А.А., Трегуб П.П., Жданкина В.И. – рисунки, таблица; Колотьева Н.А., Комлева Ю.К., Салмина А.Б., Иллариошкин С.Н. – редактирование статьи.

Финансирование

Работа поддержана грантом Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации на реализацию крупных научных проектов по приоритетным направлениям научно-технологического развития (проект № 075-15-2024-638).

Конфликт интересов

Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Соблюдение этических норм

Настоящая статья не содержит описания каких-либо исследований с участием людей или животных в качестве объектов.

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