БИОХИМИЯ, 2018, том 83, вып. 12, с. 1870–1883
УДК 577.24
Может ли старение быть запрограммировано?
Обзор
1 School of Medicine, Washington University of St Louis, 63130 USA
2 National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, #7 Science Park Road, Rm B122, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, PRC 102206; E-mail: aging.advice@gmail.com
Принята к публикации
DOI: 10.1134/S0320972518120102
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: эволюция, запрограммированное старение, моделирование, компьютерная модель.
Аннотация
Старение сопровождается ухудшением общего физического состояния индивида. Согласно наиболее распространенной модели теории эволюции, старение никогда не могло развиться как программа адаптации живого организма. С другой стороны, было обнаружено, что отдельные механизмы старения являются строго консервативными, и они сохранились с момента Кембрийского взрыва. В то же время иногда физиология старения выглядит как запрограммированный процесс саморазрушения. Специалисты в области математической биологии и математической статистики нашли доказательства существования эпигенетических часов старения, с помощью которых осуществляется контроль над процессами роста и развития, движения в царство, где неуклонно растет смертность. Эти и другие наблюдения натолкнули отдельных биологов на мысль, что нашему пониманию старения мешают ограничительные эволюционные парадигмы. В этом плане были предложены несколько компьютерных моделей. Однако для эволюции программы старения требуется групповой отбор, причем в таких масштабах, которые выходят за рамки теории многоуровневого отбора. Поэтому основным вопросом для нашего понимания существа процесса старения является выяснение, существуют ли такие модели, которые правдоподобно могут рассматривать старение как адаптацию на уровне группового отбора. Необходимо понять происхождение этого явления и, особенно, как можно было бы наиболее эффективно развивать медицину для борьбы со старением. В 2016 г. в статье, опубликованной в журнале Aging Cell, Ковальд и Кирквуд подробно описали компьютерные модели, в которых старение рассматривается с точки зрения адаптации. Они выявили недостатки в каждой такой модели, основанной только на теории. На этой основе эти авторы одобряют постоянную конвенцию, заключающуюся в том, что старение необходимо понимать с точки зрения компромиссных моделей. В то же время, если принять во внимание различные экспериментальные доказательства, то при этом воссоздается картина, которая противоречит выводам обзора этих авторов. В настоящей работе представлен широкий обзор таких доказательств, а также описана одна модель, которая была упущена из виду Ковальдом и Кирквудом. Это демографическая теория старения, которая может стать наиболее консервативной и поэтому наиболее правдоподобной теорией из альтернативных теорий эволюции. Она является предметом рассмотрения в книге, написанной автором настоящей статьи, которая была опубликована в одно время с работой Ковальда и Кирквуда.
Текст статьи
Благодарности
Автор с признательностью отмечает переписку с Акселем Ковальдом, Джастином Верфелем и Джастином Трэвисом. Джон Пеппер и Мэн-Цю Донг прочитали более ранние версии этого манускрипта и внесли ценные предложения и исправления.
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