БИОХИМИЯ, 2018, том 83, вып. 11, с. 1663–1672
УДК 577.16
Витамин D в природе: продукт синтеза и/или деградации компонентов клеточных мембран
Обзор
Göring Consulting, Mahlsdorfer Strasse 91, De 12555, Berlin, Germany; E-mail: horst-goering@online.de
Поступила в редакцию 04.06.2018
После доработки 03.07.2018
DOI: 10.1134/S0320972518110052
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: синтез витамина D, УФ-радиация, предшественники витамина D, термоизомеризация витамина D, накопление витамина D, витамин D – продукт деградации, кальцитриол растений.
Аннотация
В обзоре представлен анализ накопления витамина D у животных, растений и других организмов. 7-Дегидрохолестерин (7-ДГХ) и эргостерин рассматриваются как единственные предшественники витамина D, хотя даже витамин D2 (эргокальциферол) нельзя полностью отождествлять с витамином D3 (холекальциферолом) по их функциям в организме. Эти предшественники под действием УФ-радиации превращаются в соответствующие витамины D. Однако в литературе встречаются работы, в которых описывается протекание этой реакции в темноте или под действием синего света. Эти результаты кажутся неожиданными и нуждаются в объяснении. Другим неожиданным результатом является превращение провитаминов D, т.е. 7-ДГХ и эргостерина, в витамины D3 и D2 у лишайника Cladonia rangiferina при относительно низкой температуре (<16 °С). На основании литературных данных сделан вывод о том, что витамин D образуется у следующих организмов: 1) наземных животных из 7-ДГХ через ланостерин (D3); 2) растений из 7-ДГХ через циклоартенин (D3); 3) грибов из эргостерина через ланостерин (D2); 4) водорослей из 7-ДГХ или эргостерина (D3 или D2). Витамин D аккумулируется в организмах, которые нуждаются в нем в качестве прогормона, например, у наземных животных. Витамин D обнаруживается также и как продукт деградации у многих других организмов – у них происходит случайное превращение некоторых мембранных стеринов под действием УФ-радиации с образованием витаминов D3 или D2, в которых данный организм может и не нуждаться. Такие продукты накапливаются из-за отсутствия соответствующих энзимов для их метаболизации. Это происходит, например, у водорослей, грибов и лишайников. В другие организмы такие продукты попадают в составе пищи (например, у зоопланктона и рыб), но не выполняют каких-то биологических функций и не метаболизируются, а откладываются в клетках. Известны и некоторые исключения из этих правил: радужная форель и, как минимум, четыре вида растений. Однако у этих организмов накапливается в относительно большом количестве не витамин D, а кальцитриол, который у животных является активным гормоном. Из-за этого растения могут стать высокотоксичными для животных, у которых на пастбищах развивается кальциноз. Обсуждается образование кальцитриола у растений в связи с попыткой производства витамина D в больших масштабах для населения при помощи растений.
Текст статьи
Конфликт интересов
Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
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